It’s not about me…Reflections of Student Teaching at PV

Student Teaching is a time of transition, growth, questioning, and daily ups and downs- but after taking some time to reflect this incredible experience I've narrowed it down to the fact that it's not about me. Yes my role as a teacher is essential, but it's really about the students, the mentors and supporters, the community and culture and going back to the basics of what it takes to teach day in and day out.

It’s about students….

It’s about David, Bryce or Jess… (names all changed) the ones that pushed me away all semester, challenged me and some days made me so frustrated by their comments, actions or lack of actions. But they are the ones I will remember, the ones I will wonder if they stayed in school after we tried time and time again to give them opportunities to succeed. It’s about caring even though they don’t.  It's also about the ones that get just excited if not more about content and agriculture as I do.  The ones that make you laugh, make your day or make you think.  It's the students that make us work harder, and I love it. My time at Pequea Valley taught me the importance of the quote ‘people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.’ I know I need to remember I teach students, and my subject area just happens to be agriculture.

It’s about mentors….

There is a reason they don’t throw teachers right in a classroom, because mentorship is important- and I was blessed with the best. Doug Masser and Jasmine VanSant are the real MVPs. Laughing with these two and learning from them and with them was one of the best parts of this semester, because I know it doesn’t stop here, they are two people I can call in the future as I navigate being a new teacher. They let me be part of the team. The times they were silent, were necessary- for me to grow as a teacher, but also personally. In the last week watching both of them teach showed me how extremely lucky those students are to have them.

It’s about community and culture…..

One part of my teaching philosophy is all about contextually and culturally relevant teaching… it honestly came about because of the time I spent studying ESL and studying abroad, but this is so much more. I have realized that no matter where I am, or the program I lead is in- it must meet the community's needs. I could have done a flower workshop or arrangements for the nursing home, but here it made more sense to provide something free of charge at a location that exists to serve our students, and those in poverty. Place based education and culturally relevant curriculum and events look different everywhere- which means the three circle model will look a little different everywhere- and it should. And the culture at Pequea Valley is different, yet so awesome, I think I will always carry the PV pride.

It’s about the basics…

From Clarity of instruction, to basic directions, lab setup, check in or assessment…. It’s all about going back to the basics when something doesn’t work. It is so easy to say ‘I could have done so much better’ and in all honesty I may have been able to, but only because I have done it a few differetn ways and learned what worked and what didn’t work. Thankful for mentors that showed me the ropes and offered countless helpful hints in learning the basics.


It’s so much bigger than me, it’s about preparing students to be leaders, problem solvers and the agriculturalists our country and world needs. Thank you Pequea Valley for making me a better teacher, giving me a little sass once in awhile, and always making me laugh. With all the PV pride, Ms. Hack

PAAE Regional Meeting

After attending PAAE Summer Professional Development conference and the National Association of Agricultural Educators I realized the importance of being engaged in your professional organizations.  Earlier this month Mr. Masser and I attended the Easter Region PAAE meeting.  It was great to hear an update about the summer conference and some of the exciting workshops that will be hosted there, along with other tours and events.  Also on the agenda was updates and concerns in the profession, and the importance of advocating for the profession.  It was great to hear how different agriculture teachers have gone about the latest MOU to continue to keep Mr. Chris Weller's position for agricultural education in Pennsylvania.  It was also great to connect with other agriculture teachers- as always.  After the meeting Mr. Masser and I took a tour of the agriculture facilities at Conrad Weiser, and they are awesome!  The agriscience focus of Conrad Weiser is incredible.  It included a dry lab, a wet lab, a small lab room, another small growing lab, greenhouse, mini barn with a steer and an agricultural library and work room!  The program and teachers also assist with a summer institute to give students additional opportunities to do science or agriscience research!  Needless to say, we were in awe! 

Professional Development- CASE and New Teacher Dinner

Both of these came at the perfect time and provided great professional development this semester.  A few weeks ago I chose to make the trek back to State College to participate in the CASE professional development workshop.  This was hosted by Teach Ag! Society and was the perfect time to come up and discover a little more about CASE.  I really like the inquiry that the CASE curriculum focuses on and how every learning objective is linked together.  It was more than learning about curriculum though, it helped me see some things that were happening in my classroom, because I was able to be the student for the day. 

1. I got distracted...which means so do my students.  At one point during the lesson Dr. Foster and the rest of our table got distracted talking about something pretty far off topic, then we quickly realized that we were missing the boat, when the facilitator pulled us back in I realized...wow this is happening with my students. 

2. Questions are so important...I know this but it's easier said than done.  There was a point where I was answering written quesitons and realized I didn't fully explain....turns out my students do this as well...the things we learn one day as a student.

3. Literacy strategies are needed throughout.  CASE has quite a bit of background information reading, creating unique strategies to help students through this is important. 

4. Taking time to have any kind of professional development is essential. 


Additionally I attended the Eastern Region New and Beginning Teachers meeting.  What was funny about this was that most of us were from Lancaster County, so we decided to all hop in the car together to head to Harrisburg.  The meeting was great because we each were able to share a tool or resource or idea that we have used or created, and as a new teacher, these are awesome resources to have.  I also appreciated it because new and mentor teachers alike at the meeting just care about students and about each other and making the profession better- a group of people I want to spend time with.  

The ACES Newbie

ACES: Agriculture Cooperation Establishes Success, or as everyone calls it ACES.  ACES is a leadership conferences for all FFA members in Pennsylvania to attend, and in the wintery months, it is great to be inside laughing and learning alongside FFA members and agriculture teachers.  As a student at Penn State I assisted with an ACES workshop, but have never truly seen one in action and was never a participant.  I was that jacket chaser though, the one that loved going to these conferences as a student and then I decided to take the crazy role of facilitating them for National FFA for a few years.  Leadership conferences are interesting, as they are only a weekend- and we know leadership happens over a lifetime, but I do think they are valuable.... here are a few thoughts on this newbies experience at ACES.

1. Agriculture Teachers are great.  Yes these conferences are for students, but to engage and interact with other agriculture teachers is necessary and this was the perfect time to do that.  There was professional development on animal science and one session on program approval, although very different, both of these were valuable.

2. "No way, you too!?"  I think that's why these conferences matter.  We have all been there, where we wonder, are we the only ag nerd or the only one that thinks official dress is cool or the only one stoked about livestock judging or food science.  FFA conferences help students from other schools engage in conversations, stories and FFA chapter ideas, which I believe is important.

3. Pre conference expectations and post conference reflection is necessary.  Before the conference started Mrs. VanSant and Mr. Masser sat all the students down and laid down the ground rules if you will, sure the association did that as well, but I learned how important that is to do that as the teacher as well.  Additionally reflection afterwards is important.  We asked students what they thought, and they were honest and open about what they experienced and what they may want to experience in the future.


Overall these leadership conferences are a great experience.  I believe they can always grow and help students take away tangible things to implement and develop themselves- but they help build student confidence, personal skills and are great recruitment tools.

Action Research: Just Keep Trying

A few weeks ago when Dr. Rice came to visit she asked about my action research project and how it was going. My response was 'it is done, but it's not perfect', that is okay with me though. Action research happens all the time and I think many times we do it without officially collecting and analyzing data. At the very beginning of the semester I identified vocabulary and literacy as a focus. After overhearing a few conversations within my first week of observation I realized vocabulary is a topic that has been a hurdle in many classes. The conversations I overheard were in agricultural biology and biology specifically, but the challenges of vocabulary and literacy in education are everywhere- especially in science related courses. In my Foods Unwrapped class I had a wide variety of learners- some gifted, some with Individualized Education programs. Additionally, Pequea Valley is committed to using academic vocabulary, and our content has vocabulary on top of that. Literacy strategies, purposeful use of vocabulary and acknowledgement of both I thought would help me purposeful in increasing vocabulary and literacy in one class, which helped me focus on it in other classes as well.

In order to collect data I did a pre-test and a post test for three different units. These pre and post tests included academic vocabulary that was of focus for the school district and food science specific vocabulary. After analyzing my data I realized this might not have been the best option...but I learned a lot through it.

1. Action Research should happen all the time. As I started reading about vocabulary strategies and trying them out, I realized I wanted to use more and realized I needed to address literacy and academic vocabulary regularly, not always structured, but even conversationally.

2. It requires holding yourself and students accountable. The pre and post tests I did were through google forms and I did not follow up if students did not complete some of them as I tried to keep it anonymous, but this is not the best way to do it, because then sometimes data is not collected accurately for comparison.

3. Students really do need help with vocabulary, and sometimes that is even doing a reading together, stopping and having a conversation and continuing on.

4. These types of strategies take time, but they are good and I want to continue to use them.


Overall this was a good experience, and I know something that will continue yet look different at every school district.

Community Involvement Through Flower Arranging

Community members and fellow ag teacher friends!

It's official I love community projects. They require taking a few chances a few flower arranging dreams induced by nerves, but they are awesome. I don't think there was a better way to end my student teaching experience then with this workshop. After visiting The Factory Ministries with Mr. Masser and Mrs. VanSant at the beginning of the semester I new that this was the spot to host the community flower arranging event. After making the decision to do that, I applied for a grant through the Pequea Valley Education Foundation.

The last month consisted of preparing a wholesale flower account, teaching students how to make flower arrangements and corsages and boutonnieres, and transitioning them into the teachers so they could show the community members how to create the arrangements. I was pretty nervous this week...but the students ROCKED IT! Mr. Masser and Mrs. VanSant and I pulled in to The Factory with students waiting to help us unload and set up, they got right to work. Once the workshop started all I had to do was help with introductions and transitions and then the students ran the rest of the workshop. Some of those in attendance needed a little extra assistance and two ladies in particular sat with these community members and helped them the entire two hour workshop. 

I love that one of our students sat with this
little guy the whole time to help him.

I stood back a few times and just smiled, in all honesty Mr. Masser, Mrs. VanSant and I were not needed, sure we helped out and prompted the ladies with helpful hints to pull the group back together, but other than that, we were hands off. The Factory Ministries exists exists to empower others to strengthen their community. Because everyone’s journey matters, The Factory reaches out through The Factory House and our youth center with resources to help those who struggle with issues of poverty. For some of our students, this is a part of their community they do not see- which was neat for us teachers to experience with them.


One of the attendees at the workshop mentioned adult education classes, which I think would be awesome and a challenge all at the same time. Teaching adult learners is very different than teaching high school learners, and I think our students experienced that as well. Overall this was an awesome experience and a perfect way to serve the community and teach these students some great agriculture as well as career and people skills. Thank you to the Factory and The Pequea Valley Education Foundation for the support to put on this event. Can't wait to see how the partnership between The Factory and The Pequea Valley Agriculture Department grow!

The whole crew of helpers and newly trained florist! Thanks
Pequea Valley Education Foundation

A Supportive Administration

I have said a few times to a few different people that if I could stay at Pequea Valley I would.... because it is extremely welcoming and I couldn't have asked for a better placement and part of that is because of the support the school administration gives to students and faculty.

On multiple occasions this semester I have had the joy of visiting with Mr. Arlen Mummau and Mrs. Amy Koberstein, and their words of wisdom have challenged and encouraged me throughout my time here.  The first time I visited with them was after a few interviews I have had.  We went through what I was asked in the interview, who interviewed me and what they said and some of the green and red flags I may have seen.  I shared with them some of the questions and concerns and they offered some important things to ask the administrations I was interviewing with- they gave the little boost of confidence I needed.  They continued to ask me questions a few more questions such as:

• Who asked most of the questions?
• Who gave you a tour? 
• What did they say about budget?
• Who would be your support person?

Additionally they shared with me the importance of a supportive administration and a common purpose and philosophy.  Mr. Mummau mentioned how it is not all the time that you will see an administration be as supportive as the two of them are.  He has worked in administration in various schools and said how PV is special- how they work together is unique- and I couldn't agree more.  They also shared their experiences teaching in schools and areas they were not familiar with, which was helpful again to have an outside perspective.


Observation Visit
My most recent visit with them was an observation visit.   I asked if one of them would do a formal observation as they would observe teachers here at Pequea Valley.  They use the Danielson Model, which was a refreshing process to go through.  We talked through the pre-observation process as well as the observation and post observation.  It was helpful to be evaluated in a different way and see what an administration looks for.

Overall I think what I appreciate most about these two administrators, along with all the faculty at Pequea Valley is that they care about students and they care about teachers- or as they say here, learners and facilitators.  From the many times that Mr. Mummau has reached out, checked in or asked if I would help with something to the times that Mrs. Koberstein checks in about classroom management issues.  A supportive administration makes a world of difference.

SAE Scoping Visits

SAE: Supervised Agricultural Experience.  What I believe now is an essential part of the three circle model.  I knew this, did all the assignments in my teacher preparation classes, but now I am seeing the impacts in the community and in students.  I really like how Pequea Valley does SAE and how they encourage students to do an SAE and engage community members in building these.  We want to see the glorious SAEs that students have worked on all four years, but it also is important to build connections to build a powerful SAE program.  This semester I was able to engage with many community members scoping and evaluating SAEs, two of them being Plain and Fancy and Lanchester Farm Service.

Plain and Fancy

Plain and Fancy is a visit I was able to go on last year, but this time I was able to see the front end of this, the application process, the director and his expectations and the students ideas before they started.  The CEO of Plain and Fancy has a desire to hire two FFA members every year to plan and create a garden.  He has ideas and expectations, but the students get to choose to grow vegetables they can use in the restaurant and ones that are local to Lancaster County or unique varieties such as purple beans.  I am excited to see what our two new students come up with!

Lanchester Farms does not
mess around when it comes to bolts!

Lanchester Farm Service

Lanchester Farm Service is owned by one of the Pequea Valley advisory council members.  Lanchester Farm Service repairs and builds silo unloaders, across eastern Pennsylvania.  Recently I was able to tour Lanchester Farms and talk with the owner.  He mentioned the challenges he has finding hardworking and committed people, that can work hard, work with people and stay organized. He has offered to have one or two of our students shadow him this semester to see what it takes, but warned that they can't be afraid of dirt, and willing to crawl in a silo.  We are hoping to send two students out their for our intro to agricultural mechanics class.

Lasata Farms

I have wrote about them before but it is just such a cool place and a place we (well now Mr. Masser and Ms. VanSant as I am headed out soon) hope to place students.  What is neat about this placement is that Megan wants to have students that need a little extra help or a little extra care, she wants it not only to be a place of learning but a place of helping and healing as well.  Recently two students went to visit the farm to potentially work with the horses there.  There are also various landscaping, natural resources and building projects that could engage many students.

Ken's Gardens

One of our other advisory board members manages a well known greenhouse in Intercourse, PA just a few miles from the school.  Him and his wife have a son in our program and are active throughout the school community.  We visited with him and asked how we could partner.  Currently there is a freshman working there who will start there to then build on her other research SAE project in our greenhouse and prepare to be in charge of the garden at the Factory- it is neat how all of these are working together.

The Factory

I think of all the spots we have made connections with, this might be my favorite. The Factory serves our community and our students as an outreach and resource center.  This semester they invited us to visit their site to begin brainstorming how we can use a garden space they have available.  This space will continue to transition over time as a place for a class to work for part of the semester and a student or two to do an SAE throughout the fall, spring and summer.

Other SAE Updates:

Assisted a student in preparing a Small Gas Engine SAE where he has received the engine from his grandfather and is working with his dad to restore it, such a cool project especially because he is taking his knowledge from the Power Tech class to his SAE.
Another Ag Mechanics student is currently doing horseshoe art!  I am excited to receive the piece of art I ordered as a gift very soon!

It's Bittersweet.

It is becoming bittersweet.  The end is near....very near, one week near- and part of me is ready and part of me is not.  This week Mr. Masser started to transition back into some of the classes I have been teaching, which again is bittersweet- but so great.  This week is all about observation, flowers, mentors and students.  This blog might be in four different sections, but these are the four big parts of the week. 

Observation and Reflection. 

Observation at the end is necessary.  A few weeks ago when Dr. Rice visited, we talked about how the transition out of student teaching would go.  There are various assignments that need to be wrapped up for Penn State, so the time, especially the last week is needed, but more than that, the observation time is needed as well.  Sitting back and observing while grading and finishing up other assignments an project allows me to see things in the classroom that I didn't before.  This week I have heard and seen things I haven't- who talks to who, how students do well and how they struggle.  I saw these things when I was teaching, but not as much as I do now.  I also have the opportunity to observe Mr. Masser, who by the way is an incredible teacher.  Observing him again helped me to see even more of the importance of some of the areas of improvement he has been telling me about, I have been trying to grow in those areas, and think I have- but seeing him then implement those things so well is helpful!  It is a great time to reflect on the semester and the years ahead.  I know that it takes a long time to become a master teacher, so leaving his classroom wanting to grow even more is a good thing! 

Flowers and Ideas. 

This week we did quite a bit of flower arranging in horticulture- and I LOVED it!  We decided to do a flower sale for teachers, we sold 10 arrangements and they were gorgeous, the students did an excellent job.  A few girls came in during their free period and my prep and then again after school to help make sure we finished everything.  It was cool to see them proud of the product they were creating.  This unit has spurred so much brainstorming between Mr. Masser and Ms. VanSant and I which has been fun- great minds think alike and come up with some pretty cool ideas, more things for years to come!  The one thing about this unit that is challenging to me is how to get students that aren't quite as excited about flower arranging engaged and how to budget time for a process that can't necessarily be rushed.  It has been a learning process, but a good one.  

Mentors- the best. 

One of my favorite moments this week was with Mr. Masser and Mrs. VanSant after school.  I brag on them a lot, but it's because they deserve it.  Well Mrs. VanSant and I are also in the midst of our welding unit which has been awesome to co-teach with her and I have learned a lot from her.  On Wednesday I decided I needed to experiment with a vase arrangement to teach it properly the next day and to practice welding- and what was cool is we did it together.  Not only is it cool to work alongside two awesome teachers- but it is awesome to learn from them and with them- and to laugh with them, a little friendly competition and tough love never hurt anyone.  Seriously, I couldn't have asked for two better mentors. 

Students, why we do this. 

Lastly these kids- seriously, they make me laugh, proud, frustrated, heart broken and happy all at the same time.  I could talk about them all day long.  The laugh this week came from one student that is in agricultural mechanics and Foods Unwrapped.  During our welding lesson on welding joints we used frosting and graham crackers to demonstrate.  He was reading the label on the frosting can- and goes "Ms. Fat" (his jaw dropped, he covered his mouth) "Oh my gosh I mean Ms. Hack- this frosting has saturated fat in it, my brain and my mouth were not working together and I wanted to impress you that I knew the saturated fat!"  How can I be upset by that? Love these students. The other is one that just makes my heart hurt and spin all at the same time- a student that struggles in school, and doesn't like school- who has mentioned drop out on multiple occasions.  One that says he wants to be a welder, but sometimes doesn't want to participate in our welding unit.  After talking with the student and trying to encourage and motivate- along with conversations with his counselor a few times, it's evident teachers keep giving and keep caring, but he doesn't take it. I only know the 52 minutes in class- and the short conversations with the counselor so I will take the good days, keep encouraging- knowing that is what all the teachers are doing- hoping for the best. Another reason this ending/new beginning is bittersweet. 

The Best Rollercoaster.

Teaching is a rollercoaster, the highs and lows and twists and turns are crazy, sometimes laughable and sometimes emotional- but at the end of this crazy week, I am still confident this is the right path!  And at the end of the day it is the people on this path- students and teachers and advisory council that have made it awesome. 

Thoughts On the Week:

Observations and Reflections:

This week I not only had Mr. Masser observe, but also Dr. Rice, my University Supervisor and Mrs. Amy Koberstein, the Pequea Valley HS Assistant Principal, who by the way, is one of my new role models.  The conversations I was able to have with all of them this week was rich, needed, stretching and encouraging.  With only two weeks left and 11 behind me, the reflection time with all of them allowed me to reflect on my growth thus far, and look ahead.  Mrs. Koberstein took me through the observation that teachers go through at Pequea Valley, the Danielson model, which brought up some unique areas that I had not thought about as in depth- questions that stuck out to me including advocating for students, differentiation and assessment.  This all leads me to believer that Professional development and reflection are absolutely essential. 

Roll with The Punches

There are still things that make me uncomfortable- and that will continue to when I start my first year of teaching, I know it..,. Through some ups and downs,  a parent phone call and a few discipline challenges, little lesson flops I know that sometimes, I will just have to roll with the punches.   It will never be perfect, we just have to continue to reflect and keep growing.  I think there was a spot last week where I felt a little stuck, but had some little reality checks and little wins this week that made rolling with the punches more of a reality.

Areas I hope to continue to grow:

Questioning:  This is an area I LOVE, but an area that I believe I can always grow in.  In Mrs. Koberstein’s visit she wrote down some of the questions I asked and I realized this is an area I have really grown in, and can continue to develop more.  Mr. Masser and I discussed this as well and how questioning looks different in every setting,.

Layering, Scaffolding, Building

Its funny how things start to make a little more sense when you near the end of student teaching! This week I saw multiple times how and why we need to build lessons, classes and learning the way we do.  I knew this and I did a lot of this with my internship with Vivayic, but the light bulbs came on for me this week and I think they are coming for students too!  The Microbiology unit I just started is an example of that, we do one lab, that ties in the other units we’ve learned about- but also sets us up as our ‘case study’ for how microorganisms grow.  Because of all the background work and perfectly imperfect lab, I think they will be ready to apply these concepts to other microorganisms.  I can only take partial credit for how this all was laid out, as I have taken much of this from Mr. Masser- but structures, examples and tie-ins make so much more sense now.  Finding the thread in a class, or a few lessons is so essential. 

Directions and Clarity, this is always something I can do better at, and it has been something I have been trying to work on.  I think this requires stopping, and going slower, chunking and repeating- I know this, but it is still messy.

Differentiation I hate that it took this long to really see the deep need for this.  I have done some of course, but man this could be done so much more.  I realize this in the midst of a lesson or project sometimes, I guess that is why reflection and student teaching is important!  I had some really good conversations with Mr. Masser and Mrs. Koberstein about it this week.

Shout Out this week to the following people:

1.     Doug Masser- seriously he is the real MVP.   I know I’m a better teacher because I’m learning from you.  

2.     Jasmine VanSant-  the laughs, encouragement and workouts keep this journey fun.

3.     Amy Koberstein- the example of the kind of  power house, care about kids professional I want to be.

4.     Mr. MacKay- for the stationary chair that helps me not lose control when my class gets crazy.

5.     Dr. Laura Rice- for reminding me I can do this and the growth she has seen.

6.     Matt Snyder for seeing the chaos and rolling with my crazy schedule and jumping into it to help!

7.     Janae McMichael- for answering the phone ALWAYS and caring not only about work stuff- but heart stuff too.

The Weeks Keep Flying... Top 5 of the Home Stretch.

This was a weird week, one with a lot of ups and downs-  and if flew by!  I realize that is the life of a teacher, the ups and the downs- and days that seem to go on forever and days that fly!  I decided to take a different approach of the week, going with my top 10...not the top 10 best things that happen, but 5 important moments, or insights from the past week.  


5 Things About my Week:

1.  Floriculture- this is one of my highlights!  It has been really neat to teach and it is an area that I have been able to own- and an area students just LOVE.  The week before last we made corsages and boutonnieres, and this past week we made all around arrangements and gave them away to a few people in the school.  It turns out this is the PERFECT sales pitch! This should allow us to sell quite a few before Easter. 

2. Directions are difficult.  I say this on a weekly basis... it is something that I simply can't seem to nail down.  I know HOW to do it, it is the putting it into practice that I struggle with.  I know this simply means slowing down, being prepared and asking if students have questions. 
floral sale coming soon!

3. Agricultural Biology. This past week we started a new unit,  and I decided to branch off a little bit.  Normally we common plan this class and I go with Mr. Masser and Ms. VanSant on whatever they are thinking- but I decided to try something a little different, and it worked!  The end of it didn't so well, but I realized that when you make a lesson your own even minor tweaks, it changes my confidence level teaching it.  

4. Oh Welding....I really enjoy my introduction to agricultural mechanics class.. they are a breath of fresh air everyday!  We started welding and they are all at very different points, this is exciting to me because we get to pair them purposefully and work differently with different students.  

5. I teach students not agriculture...this is a phrase I have said, I have heard many say- but one that finally hit me.... I think a lot of this semester I have been worried "did they get this.." "did they get that..." "Are they enjoying this..." "I'm behind on that..." When really I need to continue to focus on individual students and how do I teach them, where they are at with some content.  


This week I know will be a whirlwind as well!  Dr. Rice is visiting along with Matt Snyder one of my classmates and the assistant Principal at the high school will also observe me.  We have a meeting, Braves on the Move workouts and planning for things to come!  

Areas of Growth for this week:
Differentiate a little more and try to be more purposeful about it
Directions.Directions.Directions. 
Formative Assessment and Summarizing the class. 
Continuing to try new things and new ideas.